Sunday 30 October 2022

Burials hold the final clues...

... but you may need to research an entire cemetery to find them all.

A few years ago, two teenagers managed to inflict at least $150,000 in damage to an ancestral burial ground I am very fond of. It is a rural garden cemetery set in a picturesque hilly landscape. When I first visited years prior, I was fortunate to see the cemetery before more recent severe weather events damaged many of the large old trees. I imagine the cemetery board had a lot of maintenance costs and headaches on their plate even before the vandals arrived.

When news began to trickle out about havoc at this peaceful place, I sat at my computer thinking: I am far away, what can I do? I had already added hundreds of memorials for the cemetery to FindAGrave (as had several others)  the majority of people buried there are probably at least my fourth cousins  but there were still many thousand memorials unlisted, including most of the 200 or so damaged monuments. I did have several datasets for the cemetery at my fingertips, as well as photos taken on previous trips, so I created profiles for the damaged stones.

Once those were in, I kept going.

It took a couple of weeks but within the month, I had ensured that everybody buried in this cemetery had at least an online memorial with their basic vital information and plot location, no matter the current condition of their marker. Given FindAGrave is indexed directly to Ancestry and FamilySearch, this will bring these burials to the attention of descendants who don't already know they are there. And, the plot location information would later prove extremely useful.

I was a bit worried about managing ten thousand FindAGrave memorials. Would it be an administrative burden? Typically only a handful of edit requests come in every few days. Mostly I was hoping that relatives would request that I transfer the memorials to them and these requests do arrive in a slow trickle. 

However, I am responsible for the thousands of memorials I seem destined to manage for some years. Basic birth and death year information is good but is not enough to tell a story. The narrative of community and family that our cemeteries preserve is only revealed when relationships between people and the places they have known, as well as historical events, are made clear. At the beginning, I figured doing comprehensive research on an average of three people a day would cover everyone buried in this graveyard in ten years. They would have a stable, internet-permanent, memorial of their lives and connections that no misbehaving adolescent could destroy. While I haven't checked my progress very thoroughly, I am about half way through this project and it has yielded some interesting benefits.

With the plot data in, the ability to quickly identify groups of people buried in the same plots and then research those connections using the standard databases really increased the authority, quality and completeness of the memorial profiles I could produce. Proximity of burials to each other, in the absence of other documentation, provides very strong inferential evidence. 

To some extent this is also true for people buried within the cemetery as a whole, and I often link up networks of twenty or thirty people within the cemetery once I start working on the one or two memorials that have new edit requests. Unmarried people, apparent 'strays' to the community and people with very common names have all been correctly identified and biographied once their presence in the family plot revealed the crucial evidence about who they actually were. 

I prioritize which memorials to work on based on edit requests I receive and photo requests for the cemetery as a whole, and this is a nice unsystematic system that rarely feels like a burden. I don't have an obligatory list of things to do on a fixed timeline and typically only login when I have some time to spare and boredom to cure, and in each case it seems like I am helping someone crack a mystery.

Burial proximity can also provide the logical evidence needed to exclude inaccurate relationships. A few edit requests did not add up because it was clear the persons involved could not have been, say, married, given that the person I managed was buried next to their spouse (as identified on the gravestone or by the burial register) and the date arrangements didn't work. Often, I could use local knowledge to point the other researcher to the correct burial elsewhere and thereby untangled incorrect death registration attributions (which can easily happen for Ontario records during the period when parents and spouses were not listed and many cousins with similar names and dates lived in this community).

I have some brick walls associated with families in this cemetery and I suppose in the back of my mind I am hoping one day I will research a family and some fact will arise and there will be the ah-hah! moment where it all slots together. Some of the thousands of edits I've done generated those breakthroughs for other people. For me, it hasn't happened yet, but there are tantalizing little clusters of people with rare-seeming naming patterns and similar origin locations.

I won't know for sure if the breakthrough evidence is there until I've researched the whole thing.




Thursday 7 April 2022

Lost burials: How many are there?

Lost burials: How many are there?

Finding the grave marker of an ancestor is always a great moment. These stones are as close as we can get to our distant forebears. Once found, the monument may even include previously unknown information, although their significance goes well beyond practical research considerations.

Despite this, it is common for cemeteries to be poorly cared for. In the north, winter freezes, and then spring thaws the ground, and stones easily topple and become submerged. In North America, the written historical period starts at various times in specific places, depending on settlement by writing cultures. And even then, there was often no economic possibility of memorializing the dead when the living were hard pressed to survive, or did not yet have access to stones and stone carvers. All communities have unmarked burials, even from the recent past, as well as entire lost burying grounds waiting to be rediscovered under fields, parking lots, and woodlots.

I was curious about how many burial locations in my areas of interest are unaccounted for. How many grave locations could still be recovered after a bit of research and analysis?

How many gravestones could be hiding under the turf or forest floor?

Fortunately, Statistics Canada (StatsCan) has population information for the province of Ontario going back to the 1820s. Crucial tables provide population totals by county for some of the 1820s and the 1830s.

I used these tables to identify that the population of Prince Edward County, Ontario, Canada (PEC) in 1824 was 8132 people. The population increased between 2% and 6% per year (with one decline of 2% in 1829) up to 1839. I used a conservative 2% average growth rate to reverse-engineer that the population of the county was about 5000 people in 1800 (perhaps 4500 in 1795), although this estimate may need to be adjusted to account for the actual arrival dates of various pioneer settlers in the 1790-1810 period. 

The next question is what is a reasonable estimate of mortality (the deaths per year) for the county community? Modern mortality in the province of Ontario is 7.4 people per thousand (0.74%) but these were hard times in a frontier community and the era in question also included one war, at least one cholera outbreak, and a rebellion. 

One estimate of mortality in the non-urban U.S. colonial communities many of these early county residents came from, is 20-25 people per thousand (or 2.25% on average) and this seems a much more likely scenario for what was happening in PEC. Adding up the yearly mortality under the modern rate gives an optimistic estimated mortality of only 2500 deaths in the 1795-1839 period. Doing the same with the more realistic 2.25% rate yields an estimate of almost 8000. 

Knowing these mortality figures, I was curious about the number of surviving and documented gravestones for people who died in PEC between 1795 (the earliest death date on a surviving stone) and 1839. Based on my experience researching the area, it did not seem likely thousands of graves dating to this early period are still standing and recorded.

Fortunately, there is a website, cemsearch.ca, which includes data collected from transcriptions of area cemeteries. These transcriptions were prepared by volunteers reviewing visible stones starting in the 1960s. Before the Internet, such transcriptions were published primarily by the Ontario Genealogical Society. Cemsearch is set up to enable partial string searching on death year, so I was able to pull out all the PEC records for people who died from the 1790s to the 1830s.

Once I completed that process, I had identified 306 known burials. Therefore, the survival rate for marked graves in the early period is no more than 10%, and much more likely to be a meagre 4%. 

At least 95% of burials in this period, in this county, are lost.

While identifying 2200-7500 lost graves may seem a gargantuan task, I do not think it would be impossible...

***

This kind of analysis is not possible without the contributions of many others. Especially CemSearch Project Leader and Coordinator, Ron Smith, and the CemSearch data entry volunteers. And, all the monument transcriptions prepared over the last half-century by: Susan Bergeron, Stan Broadbridge, Lily Corson, Hugh Heal, Peter Johnson, Lori King, Mrs E. Lindsay, Carmen Montgomery, Josephine O'Coin, Stan Terry, Amy Vader, C. Loral R. Wanamaker, Mildred Parliament Wanamaker, and Ray Waterhouse.



Saturday 26 March 2022

Pedigree Books now available

Pedigree Books now available!

Practical, economical, and beautiful bound paperback and hardcover books are now available for purchase on Amazon.com, .uk, .ca, .au.de, .fr, .es, .it.   These notebooks incorporate the horizontal pedigree charting tool posted to this blog in 2015 (now in a 8.5 x 11", 6-generation format). Designed to ensure key information about ancestors can be passed down in a stable, clear, format to descendants. These 108 to 110 page volumes easily accommodate very old lineages back to early historical periods from around the world. Recommended for documenting burial locations of ancestors, color-coding birth and death locations, documenting mtDNA and Y DNA lines, ancestral occupations, health conditions, etc. Handy field research book to keep in the car.

LOOK INSIDE to see the 99 Charts plus Notes Pedigree Book format
Also available in a 53 Charts (single-sided pages) Pedigree Book format